[cpp] Add example of using condition_variables

cpp/multithreading/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -15,5 +15,7 @@ project(
     LANGUAGES   CXX
 )
 
+add_subdirectory(conditions)
 add_subdirectory(deadlock)
+add_subdirectory(livelock)
 add_subdirectory(race-condition)

cpp/multithreading/conditions/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+################################################################################
+## Author: Shaun Reed                                                         ##
+## Legal: All Content (c) 2022 Shaun Reed, all rights reserved                ##
+## About: An example of condition_variables in multithreaded C++              ##
+##                                                                            ##
+## Contact: shaunrd0@gmail.com  | URL: www.shaunreed.com | GitHub: shaunrd0   ##
+################################################################################
+
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
+
+# std::scoped_lock requires C++17
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
+add_compile_options("-Wall")
+
+project(
+    #[[NAME]]   ConditionVariables
+    VERSION     1.0
+    DESCRIPTION "Example of condition_variables in multithreaded C++"
+    LANGUAGES   CXX
+)
+
+add_executable(
+    multithread-conditions driver.cpp
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(multithread-conditions pthread)

cpp/multithreading/conditions/driver.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*##############################################################################
+## Author: Shaun Reed                                                         ##
+## Legal: All Content (c) 2022 Shaun Reed, all rights reserved                ##
+## About: An example of condition_variables in multithreaded C++              ##
+##                                                                            ##
+## Contact: shaunrd0@gmail.com  | URL: www.shaunreed.com | GitHub: shaunrd0   ##
+################################################################################
+*/
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
+
+static std::mutex mtx;
+std::condition_variable cv;
+bool processing = false;
+
+// Starts a job that waits for kick-off from main
+// + When job finishes, handoff result back to main via processing bool
+void job(int32_t & shared) {
+  std::unique_lock uniqueLock(mtx);
+  cv.wait(uniqueLock, []()->bool {return processing;});
+  std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id()
+            << " thread_A: Initial value of shared = " << shared << std::endl;
+  while (shared < INT32_MAX) {
+    shared++;
+  }
+  // We're no longer processing data
+  processing = false;
+  std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id()
+            << " thread_A: Done working." << std::endl;
+  uniqueLock.unlock(); // Important! Unlock uniqueLock before we notify
+  // Notify main that we've finished, so it can proceed
+  cv.notify_one();
+}
+
+int main(const int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  std::cout << "main() thread id: " << std::this_thread::get_id() << std::endl;
+
+  int32_t share = 0;
+  std::thread thread_A(job, std::ref(share));
+
+  mtx.lock();
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
+  share = INT32_MAX / 2;
+  processing = true;
+  mtx.unlock();
+  // Notify thread_A that its work can begin
+  cv.notify_one();
+
+  // Wait until thread_A finishes its work
+  std::unique_lock uniqueLock(mtx);
+  // Block execution until we are not processing
+  cv.wait(uniqueLock, []()->bool { return !processing;});
+  std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id() << " main(): final value of shared = "
+            << share << std::endl;
+  thread_A.join();
+
+  return 0;
+}

cpp/multithreading/livelock/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+################################################################################
+## Author: Shaun Reed                                                         ##
+## Legal: All Content (c) 2022 Shaun Reed, all rights reserved                ##
+## About: An example and solution for livelocks in C++                        ##
+##                                                                            ##
+## Contact: shaunrd0@gmail.com  | URL: www.shaunreed.com | GitHub: shaunrd0   ##
+################################################################################
+
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
+
+# std::scoped_lock requires C++17
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
+add_compile_options("-Wall")
+
+project(
+    #[[NAME]]   LiveLock
+    VERSION     1.0
+    DESCRIPTION "Example and solution for livelocks in C++"
+    LANGUAGES   CXX
+)
+
+add_executable(
+    multithread-livelock driver.cpp
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(multithread-livelock pthread)

cpp/multithreading/livelock/driver.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*##############################################################################
+## Author: Shaun Reed                                                         ##
+## Legal: All Content (c) 2022 Shaun Reed, all rights reserved                ##
+## About: An example and solution for livelocks in C++                        ##
+##                                                                            ##
+## Contact: shaunrd0@gmail.com  | URL: www.shaunreed.com | GitHub: shaunrd0   ##
+################################################################################
+*/
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+static std::mutex mtx_A, mtx_B, output;
+
+// Helper function to output thread ID and string associated with mutex name
+// + This must also be thread-safe, since we want threads to produce output
+// + There is no bug or issue here; This is just in support of example output
+void print_safe(const std::string & s) {
+  std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> scopedLock(output);
+  std::cout << s << std::endl;
+}
+
+void problem() {
+  // Construct a vector with 5 agreed-upon times to synchronize loops in threads
+  typedef std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock,
+      std::chrono::steady_clock::duration> time_point;
+  std::vector<time_point> waitTime(6);
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+    waitTime[i] = std::chrono::steady_clock::now()+std::chrono::seconds(1+i);
+  }
+
+  std::thread thread_A([waitTime]()->void {
+    uint8_t count = 0; // Used to select time slot from waitTime vector
+    bool done = false;
+    while (!done) {
+      count++;
+      std::lock_guard l(mtx_A);
+      std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id() << " thread_A: Lock A\n";
+      // Wait until the next time slot to continue
+      // + Helps to show example of livelock by ensuring B is not available
+      std::this_thread::sleep_until(waitTime[count]);
+      std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id() << " thread_A: Requesting B\n";
+      if (mtx_B.try_lock()) {
+        done = true;
+        std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id()
+                  << " thread_A: Acquired locks for A, B! Done.\n";
+      }
+      else {
+        std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id()
+                  << " thread_A: Can't lock B, unlocking A\n";
+      }
+    }
+    mtx_B.unlock();
+  });
+
+  std::thread thread_B([waitTime]()->void {
+    // As an example, enter livelock for only 5 iterations
+    // + Also used to select time slot from waitTime vector
+    uint8_t count = 0;
+    bool done = false;
+    while (!done && count < 5) {
+      count++;
+      std::lock_guard l(mtx_B);
+      // Wait until the next time slot to continue
+      // + Helps to show example of livelock by ensuring A is not available
+      std::this_thread::sleep_until(waitTime[count]);
+      if (mtx_A.try_lock()) {
+        // The program will never reach this point in the code
+        // + The only reason livelock ends is because count > 5
+        done = true;
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  thread_A.join();
+  thread_B.join();
+}
+
+// The solution below uses std::scoped_lock to avoid the livelock problem
+void solution() {
+  std::thread thread_A([]()->void {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+      // Increase wait time with i
+      // + To encourage alternating lock ownership between threads
+      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100 * i));
+      std::scoped_lock l(mtx_A, mtx_B);
+      std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id()
+                << " thread_A: Acquired locks for A, B!" << std::endl;
+    }
+  });
+
+  std::thread thread_B([]()->void {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100 * i));
+      std::scoped_lock l(mtx_B, mtx_A);
+      std::cout << std::this_thread::get_id()
+                << " thread_B: Acquired locks for B, A!" << std::endl;
+    }
+  });
+
+  thread_A.join();
+  thread_B.join();
+}
+
+int main(const int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+  std::cout << "main() thread id: " << std::this_thread::get_id() << std::endl;
+
+  problem();
+
+  std::cout << "\nSolution:\n\n";
+  solution();
+
+  return 0;
+}